The non-transmittable chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic and neuro-degeneration diseases already become the major threats to the mankind. All of these chronic diseases are recognized as complex diseases, which involve in multiple genetic factors, environment factors and the interaction of these two kinds of the factors, and the complicated molecular networks consisting of huge number of the genes and proteins. Therefore, it is clear that the conventional experimental biology that focuses on individual gene or protein is not enough to reveal the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases. The collection of six papers in this issue deliver new views to understand the molecular mechanisms of the initiation and progression of the complex diseases, and might provide new powerful tools to fight these diseases.